Battle of Long Island in the American Revolution

Battle of Long Island in the American Revolution The Battle of Long Island was fought August 27-30, 1776 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Following his successful capture of Boston in March 1776, General George Washington began shifting his troops south to New York City. Correctly believing the city to be the next British target, he set about preparing for its defense. This work had commenced in February under the guidance of  Major General Charles Lee and continued under the supervision of Brigadier General William Alexander, Lord Stirling in March. Despite the efforts, a lack of manpower meant that the planned fortifications were not complete by late spring. These included a variety of redoubts, bastions, and Fort Stirling overlooking the East River. Reaching the city, Washington established his headquarters in the former home of Archibald Kennedy on Broadway near Bowling Green and began devising a plan to hold the city. As he lacked naval forces, this task proved difficult as New Yorks rivers and waters would permit the British to outflank any American positions. Realizing this, Lee lobbied Washington to abandon the city. Though he listened to Lees arguments, Washington decided to remain at New York as he felt the city possessed significant political importance. Armies Commanders Americans General George Washingtonapprox. 10,000 men British General William Howeapprox. 20,000 men Washingtons Plan To defend the city, Washington divided his army into five divisions, with three at the south end of Manhattan, one at Fort Washington (northern Manhattan), and one on Long Island. The troops on Long Island were led by Major General Nathanael Greene. A capable commander, Greene was struck down by with fever in the days before the battle and command devolved to Major General Israel Putnam. As these troops moved into position, they continued work on the citys fortifications. On Brooklyn Heights, a large complex of redoubts and entrenchments took shape that included the original Fort Stirling and ultimately mounted 36 guns. Elsewhere, hulks were sunk to deter the British from entering the East River. In June the decision was made to construct Fort Washington at the northern end of Manhattan and Fort Lee across in New Jersey to prevent passage up the Hudson River. Howes Plan On July 2, the British, led by General William Howe and his brother Vice Admiral Richard Howe, began arriving and made camp on Staten Island. Additional ships arrived throughout the month adding to the size of the British force. During this time, the Howes attempted to negotiate with Washington but their offers were consistently rebuffed. Leading a total of 32,000 men, Howe prepared his plans for taking New York while his brothers ships secured control of the waterways around the city. On August 22, he moved around 15,000 men across the Narrows and landed them at Gravesend Bay. Meeting no resistance, British forces, led by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis, advanced to Flatbush and made camp. Moving to block the British advance, Putnams men deployed onto a ridge known as the Heights of Guan. This ridge was cut by four passes at Gowanus Road, Flatbush Road, Bedford Pass, and Jamaica Pass. Advancing, Howe feinted towards Flatbush and Bedford Passes causing Putnam to reinforce these positions. Washington and Putnam hoped to entice the British into mounting costly direct assaults on the heights before pulling their men back into the fortifications on Brooklyn Heights. As the British scouted the American position, they learned from local Loyalists that Jamaica Pass was only defended by five militiamen. This information was passed to Lieutenant General Henry Clinton who devised an attack plan using this route. The British Attack As Howe discussed their next steps, Clinton had his plan for moving through Jamaica Pass at night and flanking the Americans put forward. Seeing an opportunity to crush the enemy, Howe approved the operation. To hold the Americans in place while this flank attack was developing, a secondary attack would be launched near Gowanus by Major General James Grant. Approving this plan, Howe set it in motion for the night of August 26/27. Moving through Jamaica Pass undetected, Howes men fell upon Putnams left wing the following morning. Breaking under British fire, American forces began retreating toward the fortifications on Brooklyn Heights (Map). On the far right of the American line, Stirlings brigade defended against Grants frontal assault. Advancing slowly to pin Stirling in place, Grants troops took heavy fire from the Americans. Still not fully grasping the situation, Putnam ordered Stirling to remain in position despite the approach of Howes columns. Seeing disaster looming, Washington crossed to Brooklyn with reinforcements and took direct control of the situation. His arrival was too late to save Stirlings brigade. Caught in a vise and fighting desperately against overwhelming odds, Stirling was slowly forced back.   As the bulk of his men withdrew, Stirling led a force Maryland troops in rearguard action that saw them delay the British before being captured. Their sacrifice allowed the remainder of Putnams men to escape back to Brooklyn Heights. Within the American position at Brooklyn, Washington possessed around 9,500 men. While he knew that the city could not be held without the heights, he was also aware that Admiral Howes warships could cut his lines of retreat to Manhattan. Approaching the American position, Major General Howe elected to begin building siege lines rather than directly assaulting the fortifications. On August 29, Washington realized the true danger of the situation and ordered a withdrawal to Manhattan. This was conducted during the night with Colonel John Glovers regiment of Marblehead sailors and fisherman manning the boats. Aftermath The defeat at Long Island cost Washington 312 killed, 1,407 wounded, and 1,186 captured. Among those captured were Lord Stirling and Brigadier General John Sullivan. British losses were a relatively light 392 killed and wounded. A disaster for American fortunes in New York, the defeat at Long Island was the first in a string of reverses which culminated in the British capture of the city and surrounding area. Badly defeated, Washington was forced retreat across New Jersey that fall, finally escaping into Pennsylvania. American fortunes finally changed for the better that Christmas when Washington won a needed victory at the Battle of Trenton.

Happiness Essays

Happiness Essays Happiness Essay Happiness Essay William Min Lacy 3A AP Lang NOV. 14, 2013 The Fluid, Ambiguous Nature of Happiness Happiness is green and adorned with the faces of our nations fathers. Happiness is a good cigar and a strong margarita. Happiness is finishing your paper early so you can enjoy the rest of your weekend. Happiness is the sensation brought by victory or triumph. Happiness is having the picture-perfect family often seen on the screen of televisions. Happiness is large pizzas, a couple beers, and enjoying the Sunday Night prime time matchup with a group of fellow fans. Happiness can be represented by irtually anything, yet people give vague answers when asked What makes you happy? or Are you happy? We oft receive answers that leave us more unfulfilled than if we simply did not ask at all. Is everyone ashamed of what makes them happy or do they Just simply not know? Perhaps the best and only explanation for this befuddling situation is: Happiness is cannot be defined. We know what has made us happy before, but at any given time, what makes us happy is a mystery hiding in the depths of our hearts. As it is written in the constitution, every American is ntitled to the basic right: the pursuit of happiness. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck represents this concept perfectly, as Lennie and George are driven by their vision of eventually owning their own plot of land and a bunny patch on that land. However, Crooks, the black farmhand, delivers the reality of the situation: Just like heaven. Everbody wants a little piece of Ian. I read plenty of books out here. Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land. Its Just in their head. : Theyre all the time talkin about it, but its Jus in their head. (43) This emphasizes how it is only the ursuit, and not the goal, that we are entitled to. This Journey to find Joy often also ends tragically, sometimes more so than not even reaching the arbitrary line in the ground where we draw our happiness. Jay Gatsby experiences the heartbreak of this empty Journey in The Great Gatsby after the magic with him and Daisy fades had occurred to [Gatsby] that the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever. Compared to the great distance that had separated him from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching her. It had seemed as close as a star to the oon. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one. (121) Fitzgerald describes, how after the initial honeymoon period, Gatsby realizes Daisy Buchanan is not the same woman from his dream. His whole life has been driven by the motivation of finishing the fairy tale between him and Daisy, yet once he is with her, Gatsby finds that the void in his heart is still left unfilled. Despite how much he believed it, Daisy was not a one-way ticket to euphoria and was imperfect Just like himself. The quest of happiness is rarely finished and hose who finish after many years of toiling find that what they wanted before is not what they want now. The fluctuating nature of human happiness has been well- initially respond with miou choose or l dont care, but right as we enter the car, we form our own opinion after the decision has been made. A new taco place Just opened up, maybe there was a special deal at the buffet, perhaps an overwhelming craving for chocolate cake at that one place suddenly developed. Then once we arrive at the restaurant that took arguing and manipulation to get to, the question of what o eat becomes even more difficult than the question of where. If we knew what made us happy, this classic, sticky dinner situation would not sound so familiar. What made us happy yesterday or what makes us happy right now likely will not be the same even a couple hours into the future. Just like our Christmas presents and dinner plans, to be truly happy, we ask for something different every time and what we say might not even be what we want. Speaking of dinner plans, Malcolm Gladwell discusses the fickle nature of human happiness in his TED talk, Choice, Happiness, and Spaghetti Sauce. Referencing the progression of the food industry, he mentions the innovation that Howard Moskowitz brought to the table, literally. Prior to Moskowitz, food science was always based on studies where researchers would verbally ask people what they wanted out of a certain food. Moskowitz asked the same question, but to their taste buds, rather than their ears. He discovered people could not always express their desire and perhaps were oblivious to their own preferences. Extra-chunky spaghetti sauce was not a thing before the studies Moskowitz conducted. One-third of all Americans now prefer extra-chunky, but could ot express their deep longing for this type of spaghetti sauce until Moskowitz cooked it up and realized the widespread popularity of this variety that was yet to be produced. Gladwell also mentions coffee and how people claim they want a dark, rich, hearty blend, yet most people actually prefer a milky, weak coffee. (Gladwell) Humans may not know what they want at all, not until theyVe tried and established preferences for themselves. Calling happiness elusive or hard to find would be misleading, as virtually anybody can find a moment in their day where they are appy. Rather, it avoids those who aimlessly attempt to seek it. Impulses are wired into human mentality and it makes us impulsive beings by nature. The criteria happiness is contingent upon is everchanging and fluctuates with our urges. What you yourself find happiness in, others may find laughable. What made you happy when you were 10 years old is likely not going to make you happy now. What you thought would make you happy may very well not be what you wanted at all. Happiness will always exist, but will always do so in a capricious state. Ironic as it ay be, those who set out to define and find their personal happiness often end up finding the least. Too often do we try to define ourselves as someone who we want to be, rather than who we are, and forget that our happiness is not found in a fictitious image of ourselves, but in the essence of the person we actually are. Fitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. The Great Gatsby. New York, NY: Scribner, 1996. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. Choice, Happiness, and Spaghetti Sauce. TED Talks. Long Beach. 15 Feb. 2004. Lecture. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin, 1993. Print.

Access To Health Care For Australian Cultural Groups

Health care has improved the societal living standards by ensuring that all health problems are attended to in the best why possible. Through the department of health in the government, every location is considered in the improvement of the health standards to provide better service to the community. Every health problem identified is dealt with in the best way possible by the qualified doctors. Cases that cannot be solved through the capabilities of the national health problem, the international health bodies are consulted to ensure that cases like cancers receive the best care. Although the ministry of health in collaboration with the private sector are trying to achieve their best in providing best health care, some challenges are always experienced by the citizens. Due to the increased population, the Constitution has supported the private sector to indulge into the sector to improve the service provisions by providing solutions to medical issues experienced. The health care systems have been improving from time to time to make sure that there, not medical problems are left undissolved. Although the government among other groups might view the provision of healthcare as ethical, there might be issues with balancing the cultural beliefs and accessing health care in the community. For example, a specific cultural group might be believing that people should not be accessing health care, rather they should be healed through their traditional methods (Guzys and Petrie, 2013). People with different originalities inhabit the Australian state. These cultures include the Australian Aboriginal and Culturally and Linguistically Diverse communities (CALD). Therefore, this paper will focus on barriers experienced by both cultures in access to health care and the possible strategies to be used in improving the services. The Aboriginal culture in Australia consists of people whose origin is based on the Australian country, and their practice and beliefs are based on Dreamtime theory. There are several barriers to access to health care for the Aboriginal culture in Australia.   These problems are highly experienced by people living in most remotes areas in the country. The barriers have been observed through various research works conducted by the government among other independent bodies. The main barriers affecting the sufficient access to health care among the aboriginal culture include language and communication, telecommunications, service providers’ trust and transport services (Durey et al., 2013).   Research that was funded by the government was conducted in 2008 to check whether the aboriginals spoke a language that could be understood by their equivalent service providers. This was a government idea to check how efficient were the services offered by the government to the citizens, especially to the field of health (Kunitz and Brady, 2010). The national language in Australia is English, but some people do not understand or speak the language because of lack of knowledge. Based on the research results, around 13% of the Aboriginal culture had another main language other than the national language. Rather, the main language in some localities is not English, which made it difficult to communicate with the health professionals. Amongst this percentage, 46% were perceived to originate from the remote areas in the country, and 2% were from urban areas. Further, the results showed that around 15% of these people were not in a position to communicate in English. For the people of age s 55years and above had the highest percentage (24%) of people who could not communicate in English.   This indicated that the government had a great task to solve the societal problem (Blackwell, 2013). There was a great difference in percentages between the people who were connected to the internet between the residents of remote and non-remote areas. Based on research conducted by National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS), 98% of the aboriginals had access to telephones regardless of the type of phone. However, 40%, 20%, and 19% used home landlines, public phones, and others respectively. Figure 1: Phone usage among the remote and non-remote aboriginal residents (Abs, 2010) Trust is a paramount element that is factored in the service industry. The doctor should trust their patients in cases of requests for services otherwise the quality of service will be low. The residents should also trust the local hospitals and the workers to ensure that they do not perceive negative thoughts. A higher level of trust will mean that every person can seek medical assistance from the doctors at any time (Liaw et al., 2011). Based on trust study conducted among the aboriginals, some people stated they had trust issues with the doctors and the hospitals. However, a larger percentage was ok with the number medical centers and the health practitioners (Henderson, Kendall and See, 2011).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Figure 2: Trust among the aboriginal culture (Abs, 2010) In some localities, the distance from home places to the medical centers required an efficient means of transport. It was observed if a person perceived an illness, it took a lot of time before medical help could be acquired. Due to the insufficiency in transport services, they could not access the health services easily whenever there was a need. Around 66% of the aboriginals in Australia could access means on transport any time they need, either public or private. However, statistics showed that only 7% were able to obtain transport services on emergencies, which means people who incurred emergent medical cases had high probabilities of survival. Around 32% of the people from remote areas who are unable to access transport services when needed among the aboriginal culture. These statistics shows that there is some significant percentage of individuals who are not able to access transport services when needed (Durey et al., 2013). Some strategies are supposed to be practiced to avoid the effects of the barriers in the society. The strategic practices should be focused on providing remedies to the existing societal problems. Firstly, because the community experiences an issue in communication, the government is supposed to educate people from these localities to become doctors so that they can efficiently serve the community. Otherwise, they can employ translators who will help people who cannot communicate in English effectively. These are some of the remedies for the language and communication barriers (Larson et al., 2011). Availability of telecommunication services helps people be informed about the changes in the technological world. Due to the improvements in technology, health information services are also found on the internet, thus helping the society be prevented from minor health cases. Therefore, raising the level of telecommunication access will also reduce the rate of unattended health case by raising the communities’ intelligence. The quality of health service offered by the hospitals should be raised, which increases the level of trust between the citizens and the doctors/hospitals. Qualified personnel should be employed in every single health center to cater almost all medical problems in the society (Liaw et al., 2011). Finally, the government should improve the construction of social facilities closer to the remote areas to reduce the distance covered by individual seeking for medical help. Transportation services should also be an improvement in the country by constructing roads, which raises the chances of acquiring private or public vehicles whenever needed. If these barriers are effectively managed, the social status of the aboriginal will be improved by reducing their mortality rates and increasing the efficiency of acquiring medical assistance (Steffens, Jamieson, and Kapellas, 2016). The culturally and linguistically diverse communities are perceived to be a combination of different ethnic groups who originates from different parts of the globe. These groups have diverse socio-cultural beliefs, and they varied by their religions. There are several barriers to effective health care that are experienced by the CALD communities in living in Australia. Some of these barriers are knowledge and information about available medical services, personal experiences with healthcare professionals, differences in socio-cultural and religious beliefs and influences from significant others based on health perception (Adebayo, Durey, and Slack-Smith, 2016).   Some individuals in the Australian state who are associated with the CALD communities might not be informed about the available medical health services in the country. Therefore, these particular people might suffer from some health problems that can be treated in the available health centers. For instance, a patient from foreign countries might be suffering from diabetes, a disease that can be treated in specific health centers but because of insufficient information, the condition may worsen. There might be community-based support groups that educate/inform diabetes patients on how to manage their conditions (Alzubaidi et al., 2015). Without information about the existence of such groups, the patients might not enjoy such health services. If people do not acquire the required information, they will not be involved in ongoing advice from the medical practitioners about preventions and interventions to serious societal health problems (Cross et al., 2014). Individuals from different areas in the globe will tend to have personal perceptions about hospitals and health services. Therefore, there might be problems with the way the individuals from the CALD communities interact with the doctors (MHCS, 2010). There might be cases of language barriers which leads to either misunderstanding or insufficient communication. With the differences in the communication, the patient will not receive the required medical assistance. Individuals who will be communicating in a different language will have higher chances of failed trust for the doctors compared to patients speaking in English (Australian Government | Health Department, 2011). This is because if the doctor understands the core health problem, medical assistance will be offered quickly as compared to a person whose medical issue is not yet known. The considerations of the social and emotional factors by the doctor is very important for effective medical care. It can be disappointing if a pa tient is blamed for a disease suffered by the medical practitioners.   Communities have different religious and socio-cultural belief, whereby some are attached to the way they receive medical/health services. Some individuals might be born into a culture that fears a diagnosis of certain diseases to avoid being informed that they are victims. There are some other religious beliefs, especially in Islamic culture who believe that the human life is transient, and much should not be consulted in search for life extension (Cross et al., 2014). Therefore, people from this religion might not acquire continued sufficient medical assistance because it is not according to their beliefs. Also, cultures believe that some specific health problems are as a result of a curse, and medical help should not be sought; rather they should wait and face their wrath. All these beliefs affect the delivery and access to health care services. Every individual has colleagues whom they respect and consult in every individual case. These people can affect the efficiency of the people from CALD communities accessing health care effectively. This is because they might offer wrong health advice to their friends who are in need of urgent medical assistance. For instance, a fellow might speak out about the symptoms being identified but due to assumptions, advice from friends might be inadequate for this particular case. In cases when an individual is advised to wait for recovery without seeing the doctor might lead to severe medical cases.   Firstly, the CALD communities in the Australian continent should be informed about the available hospitals and health services in their localities. This will help reduces cases of severe effects caused due to lack of information. This information can be provided through internet medical services or manuals to all the people entering the country. Solutions should be provided to the experienced problems in the health care provision systems. For instance, language barrier problem can be solved by employing language translation services. Research should be conducted to evaluate the efficiency of health services provided to help curb the extremely negative effects (Dowling, 2014). Health advice should be provided to individuals who are reported to be suffering by encouraging them to seek medical assistance where possible. This will help people having issues of culture and religion opt seeking medical help whenever they feel unwell. Finally, there should be community-based support groups t hat teach individuals about the importance of consulting the doctor whenever there is a need.   Abs, (2010). 4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010. [Online] Abs.gov.au. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter960Oct+2010 [Accessed 21 Jul. 2016]. Adebayo, B., Durey, A. and Slack-Smith, L. (2016). Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) carers' perceptions of oral care in residential aged care settings in Perth, Western Australia. Gerodontology, p.n/an/a. Alzubaidi, H., Mc Namara, K., Browning, C. and Marriott, J. (2015). Barriers and enablers to health care access and use among Arabic-speaking and Caucasian English-speaking patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comparative qualitative study. BMJ Open, 5(11), pp.e008687-e008687. Australian Government|Health Department, (2011). Department of Health | People from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. [Online] Health.gov.au. Available at: https://health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-p-mono-toc~mental-pubs-p-mono-pop~mental-pubs-p-mono-pop-cul [Accessed 21 Jul. 2016]. Blackwell, W. (2013). Guidelines on the provision of sustainable eye care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 96(4), pp.422-423. Cross, W., Cant, R., Manning, D. and McCarthy, S. (2014). Addressing information needs of vulnerable communities about incontinence: A survey of ten CALD communities. Collegian, 21(3), pp.209-216. Dowling, M. (2014). â€Å"A guide to interpreting not just the words but the meaning intended† (A DVD to support interpreters, health care, pastoral and spiritual care staff involved in end of life and organ donation discussions with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) families). Australian Critical Care, 27(1), p.53. Durey, A., Wynaden, D., Barr, L. and Ali, M. (2013). Improving forensic mental health care for Aboriginal Australians: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23(3), pp.195-202. Guzys, D. and Petrie, E. (2013). An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Henderson, S., Kendall, E. and See, L. (2011). The effectiveness of culturally appropriate interventions to manage or prevent chronic disease in culturally and linguistically diverse communities: a systematic literature review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 19(3), pp.225-249. Kunitz, S. and Brady, M. (2010). Health care policy for Aboriginal Australians: the relevance of the American Indian experience. Australian Journal of Public Health, 19(6), pp.549-558. Larson, B., Herx, L., Williamson, T. and Crowshoe, L. (2011). Beyond the barriers: family medicine residents’ attitudes towards providing Aboriginal health care. Medical Education, 45(4), pp.400-406. Liaw, S., Lau, P., Pyett, P., Furler, J., Burchill, M., Rowley, K., and Kelaher, M. (2011). Successful chronic disease care for Aboriginal Australians requires cultural competence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 35(3), pp.238-248. MHCS, (2010). About CALD Communities — MHCS. [Online] MHCS. Available at: https://www.mhcs.health.nsw.gov.au/services/cald-community [Accessed 21 Jul. 2016]. Moyle, W., Parker, D. and Bramble, M. (2014). Care of older adults. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. Steffens, M., Jamieson, L. and Kapellas, K. (2016). Historical Factors, Discrimination and Oral Health among Aboriginal Australians. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 27(1A), pp.30-45.

BP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BP - Case Study Example Marketing ethics is the moral principles that guide operations and regulations of marketing practices (Hill and Ryan 50)Â  . Social responsibility suggests that organization or individual’s actions should benefit the society. Ethical marketing and social responsibility are main concern in this case, for example, BP Company does not hold its ethical marketing conduct and social responsibility. This is evidenced when the company’s social and ethical conduct is coincides with its promise to remain responsible environmental steward. The company is faced by numerous cases of environmental negligence and it also disregards the safety of its employees. In a bid to repair its image after violation of many environment acts, BP Company tried to launch new products that could provide alternatives to oil use and solve the environmental problems that were characterized by the petroleum business. The company launched solar, bio-fuels, carbon sequestration and storage. The company also foresaw the implementation of other energy saving measures. The launch of all these new products were aimed at providing solutions to ever increasing challenges of BP. Unfortunately, the launch of new products failed to solve the company’s woes as the company faced more environmental problems, explosions, and safety issues. BP Company had sustainability challenges since it could not maintain its policies. The company promised to be environmental conscious but ended up having many environmental violations. It introduced new products to tame the many ethical challenges it was facing and repair its tattered reputation, unfortunately, more ethical concerns and environmental violations were reported. BP Company could not implement sustainable environmental and ethical conduct to avert the challenges it was facing (Thiele 55). Corporate branding is the process of promoting a corporate entity’s brand name rather than

Ethical, Social and Environmental Standards and Practices of World Essay

Ethical, Social and Environmental Standards and Practices of World Bank - Essay Example The World Bank cordinates with a multiplicity of actors that include government agencies, civil society organization and private sector; thus, high degree of Ethical, Social and Environmental Standards and Practices should be maintained by the World Bank. Social and Environmental Standards and Practices The World Bank has received serious criticism from international and internal level because of the inequality of distributing funds to the need countries. Thus, it has changed its policies as it has persistently been developing new and diverse methods to support socially and environmentally sustainable development by involvement in World Bank projects. There are formulated safeguard policies that are compulsory strategies for every decision, or measure undertaken by the World Bank representatives (Marshall, 2008). The aim of these safeguards is to keep certain social and environmental standards in projects that are managed by the World Bank. Thus, social and environmental soundness is currently a crucial requirement in the project’s valuation of progress, especially for the loan agreement. Although, there is always interference of political and economic activities, the World Bank article of agreement demand that a measure be economically efficient and avoid political considerations. Meanwhile, there is a stronger connection between social and environmental considerations; the World Bank gives the social and environmental rights more weight than the economic development. Manske and Frey (2004) indicate that the environmental standards have to be compiled in every internal or external of World Bank decision and development measures with emphasis on the ecological aspect that act as conditions in a loan agreement. The environmental standards comprise the considerations of labor, health, safety gender and community issues of the developing countries. They contribute to promotion of democracy and human rights because the political awareness and participation i n activities of ecological concern is maintained. Thus, the World Bank has active responsibilities in setting social and environmental standards and promoting exceptional corporate governance. Its key principles are a standard for the financial industry in managing social and environmental issues in projects financing. The organization supports the management of social, environmental of its members, and signed corporate governance approach to promote reasonable governance practices. The approach supports the right and equitable treatment of its members on matters of social and environmental issues. Meanwhile, it supports the disclosure and transparency of the information to its members with a suggestion of the duties of representatives. According to Manske and Frey (2004), the transparency and disclosure of the information provides extra reputation to transparency for the natural resource development among the members. The disclosure of information of dangerous population to its mem bers has helped these members to implement various measures to stop the carbon emulsion into the environment. The organization has managed to introduce flexibility that is vital to customers because it comprises varying capacities and diverse financing products to its members. It enhances effectiveness and strengthens the significance of safeguards in changing its member’

Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals - Essay Example The essay "Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals" highlights the rivalry of two of the twentieth century’s renowned artists Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Matisse Picasso is the first exhibition that was dedicated to the enduring dialogue of the two artists. They were impressed by the artistic prowess of each other from the time they met in 1906. Matisse Picasso tells a story of two artists who were driven to great accomplishments despite their personal differences. Matisse and Picasso’s subject stories captured nursing as a significant topic in their artworks. A model for Matisse, one of the most intriguing stories on Matisse follows the story of a nun called Jacques-Marie. She was hired as a nurse for Matisse in 1941 when he was sick. While attending to his medical needs, she became close to him, a model, spiritual guide and an inspiration for Matisse’s art. Jacques-Marie also known as Monique Bourgeois responded to an advertisement placed by Henri Matiss e. He was in search of a young, beautiful night nurse. As their friendship got stronger Matisse’s work also got better. He created a work that he considered as his greatest life achievement. He called it The Chapel of the Rosary in Venice. Matisse referred to Marie as The True Initiator of the Chapel. When Matisse asked Marie about his work, she told Matisse that she likes the colors but not the drawings. This made Matisse repeat his works to the desired perfection. This was after he discovered that Marie was an amateur artist. (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 13). Picasso, on the other hand, did a painting that depicted a mother nursing an infant. He dated a young woman called Eva who died shortly after. He moved on to date and later marry Olga, a Russian woman. They had a boy child together before their relationship deteriorated. Picasso had an affair with a nurse called Marie-Therese Walter. These events influenced his later works including his painting of a mother breastfeed ing an infant (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 34). In the artistic exchange of the two artists, Matisse wanted to articulate an assenting vision of the world. Picasso, on the other hand, wanted everything. Matisse was generous in his artwork and expressions. Picasso had a panache for the new, the unanticipated issues in his work. He created new pieces of work. Matisse strengthened the interaction of color in his pieces of work, while Picasso’s work emphasized on the structure and form. The polarity that existed between them was strong. Thus, they needed each other’s comparison and contrast to keep their artistic work at their best. The works of these two artists can be likened to the nursing profession (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 263). Nurses are professionals who must always attend to their patients with care. They must always be closer to their patients, know what they need and understand their entire medical concerns. They need to be gentle and respectful. They work with other professionals in their places of work based on work interests, as opposed to friendship. Picasso and Matisse present narrative subjects that can be applied to the nursing profession. They two artists had a relationship such as that shared by a nurse and a doctor. Nurses and doctors are not brought together by friendship but need. A doctor needs a nurse to help in delivering his work. The nurse must help the doctor perform minor responsibilities at the place of work. However, their needs force them to work together for the benefit of the two. Picasso and Matisse’s relationship was based on their needs rather than friendship. Picasso worked with a certain form of eruptive and emotional need while Matisse worked with function

Analysis and interpretation of art works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis and interpretation of art works - Essay Example Kay and Goldberg also wrote in their 1977 manifesto with regards to multimedia computing that it is a new metamedium which is active and can be able to respond to experiment and queries in order to allow the messages to involve all the learners (Kay & Goldberg, 175). This paper is going to analyse the artworks that are described by Benjamin’s ‘Work of Art’, Kay and Goldberg’s ‘Personal Dynamic Media’ as well Mavovich’s ‘Software Takes command’. The concepts that are going to be analysed in detail based on these theoretical frameworks are reproducibility, metamedia and multimedia. Media art more or like contemporary art exhibits some critical aspect. The media art concept involves integration of culture and social-political conditions of media. New media does not only expand the possibilities of art but it also gives a broader perspective into the social implications of technology and science as well as aesthetic applications . ... Benjamin Work of Art tends to analyse the effect that is brought out by reproduction as well as the art of film in its traditional form. With regards to art Benjamin asserts that the art of work has always been reproducible. For example, the works of masters may be copied by other apprentices but it is clear that the aspect of originality always comes up. Benjamin states that the Greeks only knew two forms of reproducing art which were stamping and funding. However, modernism brought up mass mechanical reproduction. Even though the concept of lithography offered a platform for the mass production of painterly artworks it was changed based on the adaption of mass printing and photography. As a result photography foresaw film and based on this the artistic tradition was greatly transformed (Benjamin, 251). The uniqueness of any artwork is based on its location both in time and space. According to Benjamin, artwork evolves through space and time thus authenticity is regarded as a dubiou s modern concept since it depends on a copy relation. However, this assumption has changed with the introduction of photography as the process of reproduction. Mechanical reproduction hasintroduced colossal expansion of the knowledge involved in artwork such as reproduction of sound recordings or even paintings (Benjamin, 255). With all the improvements brought about by mechanical reproduction that which weakens is the aspect of aura which surrounds the basis of tradition or culture in general. The introduction of film has brought about a lot of changes with regards to the human perceptions in terms of history and psychology. According to Benjamin, art cannot be termed as an imitation of what is there in reality but it should be regarded as an expression of